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<title>오늘 외국어공부 인증하고 포인트 적립 &amp;gt; 커뮤니티 &amp;gt; 외국어를 배우며</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk</link>
<language>ko</language>
<description>외국어를 배우며 (2026-06-01 13:18:46)</description>

<item>
<title>[연구논문] 외국어 학습에서 매일 기록의 장점(3)</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk/12</link>
<description><![CDATA[<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><b><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">3. </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">일기 쓰기</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">(Journaling)</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">의 언어학적 이점</span></b></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><b><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></b></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">해외 언어학계와 포럼 등에서도 매일 배운 외국어로 짧은 일기나 메모를 남기는 것은 능동적 어휘 확장과 완전한 문장 구성 능력을 길러주는 최고의 방법 중 하나로 평가받습니다</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">학습 추적의 시각화</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">: </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">학습자는 지난 기록을 돌아보며 자신의 실력이 향상되고 있음을 눈으로 직접 확인할 수 있습니다</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">작문을 통한 문법 체화</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">: </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">단순히 단어를 외우는 것보다 자신의 하루나 감정을 문장으로 표현할 때</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">올바른 문법 구조와 새로운 어휘가 장기 기억으로 전환될 확률이 훨씬 높아집니다</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></p><p></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><br /></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></p><p></p>]]></description>
<dc:creator>TokWok</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-01T13:18:46+09:00</dc:date>
</item>


<item>
<title>[연구논문] 외국어 학습에서 매일 기록의 장점(2)</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk/11</link>
<description><![CDATA[<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><b><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">2. </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">브이로그 및 쓰기 기록을 통한 표현력과 자율성 향상</span></b></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><b><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></b></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">한국 대학생 대상 영어 영상</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">(</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">브이로그</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">) </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">제작 연구 </span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">(KoreaScience </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">게재</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">)</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">연구 내용</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">: </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">한국 대학생들을 대상으로 </span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">16</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">주 동안 영어로 짧은 일기 형태의 영상을 제작하고 기록하게 한 연구입니다</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></p>
<p><img src="https://tokwok.com/data/editor/2606/20260601174055_95c6e41b853cc0be0a0659d5b97280ae_xug0.png" alt="0601-3.png" style="width:600px;height:363px;" /></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">핵심 효과</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">: </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">말하기 능력 향상뿐만 아니라 흥미</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">자기 책임감</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">의사소통 의지 등 언어 학습자로서의 자율성이 크게 증진되었습니다</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us"> </span></p>
<p> </p><p></p>]]></description>
<dc:creator>TokWok</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-01T13:17:10+09:00</dc:date>
</item>


<item>
<title>[연구논문] 외국어 학습에서 매일 기록의 장점(1)</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk/10</link>
<description><![CDATA[<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">외국어를 학습할 때 일기나 학습 일지를 통해 공부 과정을 꾸준히 기록하는 것이 학습 효율</span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">동기 부여</span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">인지 능력 향상에 큰 도움이 된다는 사실은 여러 언어학 및 심리학 연구에서 입증되었습니다</span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></p><p></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">1. </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">학습<b> 일지</b></span><b><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">(Learning Diaries)</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">를 통한 자기 주도 학습 및 동기 부여</span></b></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">(1) 영국 스코틀랜드 대학 연구팀 </span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">(The Conversation </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">발표</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">)</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">연구내용</span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">: </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">성인 외국어 학습자를 대상으로 수업 후 학습 일지를 작성하게 한 결과</span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">학습 일지가 단순한 기록을 넘어 학습 과정을 구체적으로 </span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">'</span><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">복기</span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">'</span><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">하게 해준다는 사실을 발견했습니다</span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us"> </span></p>
<p><img src="https://tokwok.com/data/editor/2606/20260601174159_95c6e41b853cc0be0a0659d5b97280ae_9pug.png" alt="0601-1.png" style="width:600px;height:523px;" /></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">핵심 효과</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">: </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">학습자가 스스로 목표를 설정하고</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">자신의 전략을 모니터링하며</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">성과를 평가하는 과정을 통해 언어 학습 능력이 비약적으로 향상되었습니다</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">외부링크: 하단 링크 #1</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">(2) 언어 학습 일지 연구 </span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">(ResearchGate </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">게재</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">)</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">연구 내용</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">: </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">자기결정성 이론</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">(Self-Determination Theory)</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">을 바탕으로 학습 일지 작성이 학습자의 자율성에 미치는 영향을 분석했습니다</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us"> </span></p>
<p><img src="https://tokwok.com/data/editor/2606/20260601174217_95c6e41b853cc0be0a0659d5b97280ae_xsdq.png" alt="0601-2.png" style="width:600px;height:412px;" /></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;" xml:lang="en-us"><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">핵심 효과</span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">: </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;" xml:lang="en-us"><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">매주 학습 일지를 쓴 학생들은 성취감을 느끼고 자신감이 증진되었으며</span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">유능성</span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">자율성</span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">관계성이라는 </span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">3</span><span style="text-indent:-15pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;">대 핵심 동기가 충족되어 언어 학습에 대한 흥미가 장기적으로 유지되었습니다</span><span lang="en-us" style="text-indent:-15pt;letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:arial;font-size:18px;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;" xml:lang="en-us"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;" xml:lang="en-us"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> 외부링크: 하단 링크 #1</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;" xml:lang="en-us"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:15pt;text-indent:-15pt;line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;" xml:lang="en-us"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:18px;"> </span></span></p>]]></description>
<dc:creator>TokWok</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-06-01T13:14:38+09:00</dc:date>
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<item>
<title>[연구논문] 모국어가 아닌 외국어로 생각할 때 보다 바른 의사결정을 할 수 있다</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk/9</link>
<description><![CDATA[<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">미국 시카고 대학 연구에 따르면 모국어가 아닌 외국어로 생각할 때 </span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">인지적 편향과 감정적 치우침이 줄어들어 더 이성적이고 합리적인 의사결정을 내릴 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. </span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"><br /></span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이는 외국어 사용이 감정적 거리감을 유도하여 프레이밍 효과를 줄이고, </span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">손실에 대한 두려움을 낮춰 객관적인 분석을 가능하게 하기 때문이다. </span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"><br /></span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">연구진은 이를 '외국어 효과(The Foreign-Language Effect)'라고 명명했다.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"></span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"><br /></span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">프레이밍 효과</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(Framing Effect) </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">감소</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">: </span></b></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">동일한 선택지를 </span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">'</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이익</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">'</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">으로 표현할 때와 </span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">'</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">손실</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">'</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">로 표현할 때 </span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">선택이 달라지는 현상이 외국어로 문제를 풀 때는 사라졌다</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:'한컴바탕';"><br /></span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">손실 혐오</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(Loss Aversion) </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">완화</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">: </span></b></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이익 확률이 더 높은 도박</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(Coin-toss) </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">게임에서 </span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">모국어 사용자는 손실 두려움 때문에 베팅을 주저한 반면</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">외국어 사용자는 장기적 이익을 기대하고 더 합리적으로 베팅에 참여했다</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"><br /></span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이러한 원인으로,</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us"> </span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">외국어를 사용할 때 모국어보다 감정적 반응이 줄어들고 </span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">심리적 거리감</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(Psychological Distance)</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이 확보되어</span><span lang="en-us" style="letter-spacing:0pt;font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">더 분석적이고 신중한 사고가 가능해지기 때문이다.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"><br /></span></p><p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"><br /></span></p>]]></description>
<dc:creator>TokWok</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-24T12:23:00+09:00</dc:date>
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<title>'콩글리시'를 '브로큰 잉글리시(broken English)'라고 하지 맙시다. 그것도 한국인들이.</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk/8</link>
<description><![CDATA[<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">한국의 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">'</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">콩글리시</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(Konglish)' </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">싱가포르의 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">‘</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">싱글리시</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(Singlish)’ </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">일본의 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">‘</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">재플리시</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(Japlish)’ non-native </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">영어를 </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">'</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">브로큰 잉글리시</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(broken English)'</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">라고 부르는 사람들이 있다</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"></span></p><p></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이것은 비</span><span style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;">非</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">영어권 영어 학습자의 언어를 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">'broken(</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">부서진</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">망가진</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">) </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">것으로 비하하는 것이다</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">. </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이 얼마나 무례하고</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">말도 안되는 인종적</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">·</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">언어적 차별이란 말인가</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">. </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">인권을 무시하는 표현이라고 하지 않을 수 없다</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"></span></p><p></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">첫째</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">영어 원어민의 표준어를 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">‘</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">유일한</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">’ </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">것으로 상정하고</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">다른 언어권 사람들의 불완전한 발음이나 문법 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">-- </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이것은 당연한 것이다 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">-- </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">을 </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">열등하고 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">'</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">고장 난</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(broken)' </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">것으로 규정하기 때문이다</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">. </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">“America First” </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">같은 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">“English First”</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이란 것인가</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">?</span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><br /></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><br /></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">둘째</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">영어 원어민이 아닌 사람이 영어를 할 때</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">자신의 모국어의 문장 구조</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">발음</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">억양 등이 섞이는 것은 자연스러운 현상이다</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">. </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이를 단순히 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">'</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">틀린 영어</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">'</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">로 비하하는 것은 다문화적 맥락을 무시하는 태도이다</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">. </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">다소간 다른 것이지</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(differ) </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이것을 틀린 것이다</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(wrong)</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">라고 싸잡을 이유는 없다</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"></span></p><p></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">셋째</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">미디어의 문제를 지적하지 않을 수 없다</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">. </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">차별적 시선과 조롱이 사람들의 관심을 끈다는 점을 악용해서</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이민자나 비원어민을 우스꽝스럽게 묘사하거나</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">실제 소통 상황에서 비하의 의도를 담아 사용하는 경우가 많다</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">. </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">같은 논리라면 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">“</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">해스므니다</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">”</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">라는 일본인이나 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">“</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">안뇽하십니꺄</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">”</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">라는 영어 원어민의 어색한 억양도 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">‘</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">망가진</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(broken) </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">한국어</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">’</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">라고 해야 하나</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">?</span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"></span></p><p></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">이런 이유들과 문제점 때문에</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">, </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">현대 언어학 및 다문화 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">DEI(</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">다양성 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">Diversity, </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">형평성 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">Equity, </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">포용성 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">Inclusion) </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">관점에서도 </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">'Broken English' </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">대신 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">'</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">비표준 영어</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(Non-standard English)', '</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">비원어민 영어</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(Non-native English)' '</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">제</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">2</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">언어로서의 영어</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">(ESL: English as a Second Language)' </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">등 </span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">중립적인 표현을 사용하는 것이 마땅할 것이다</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">.</span></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;"></span></p><p></p>
<p style="line-height:1.8;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">한국인 스스로가 우리 영어를 </span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">‘</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">망가진 영어</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">’</span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:12pt;">라고 하는 것부터 바뀌어야 하지 않을까</span><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us">?</span></p>
<p><span lang="en-us" style="font-family:Arial;letter-spacing:0pt;font-size:12pt;" xml:lang="en-us"><br /></span></p>]]></description>
<dc:creator>TokWok</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-23T14:16:17+09:00</dc:date>
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<item>
<title>[연구논문] 외국어 단어, 걸으면서 외우세요. 암기효과 2배.</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk/7</link>
<description><![CDATA[<div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">가만히 앉아서 공부하는 것보다 가볍게 걸으며 외국어 단어를 외울 때 기억력이 훨씬 좋아진다는 연구 결과가 나왔다. </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">심지어 아주 낮은 강도의 운동(걷기)도 인지 기능 향상에 도움을 주는 것으로 나타났다.</span></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><b>가볍게 걸어라, 뇌가 열린다</b></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">심리신경내분비학(Psychoneuroendocrinological) 학술지에 게재된 2건의 피험자 내 실험에 따르면, </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">외국어 단어 부호화(encoding) 과정에서 런닝머신을 걷는 등의 모터 활동(motor activity)이 물리적 휴식보다 사후 회상(recall)에 더 효과적이었다.</span></div></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">연구진은 피험자들을 대상으로 가벼운 운동을 하며 단어를 외우게 했을 때, 앉아서 공부했을 때보다 더 많은 단어를 정확하게 기억해냈다고 밝혔다. </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">이는 가벼운 신체 활동이 인지 과제와 동시에 적용될 때 다양한 인지 기능을 향상시킨다는 점을 보여준다.</span></div></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">특히, 연구진은 이번 연구에서 뇌신경영양인자(BDNF)와 타액 코르티솔(salivary cortisol)의 반응을 조사했다. </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">기존 연구들은 이 두 물질이 기억 성능과 연관이 있다고 분석해왔다.</span></div></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span class="Yjhzub" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><b>기억력 향상의 열쇠, 코르티솔?</b></span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">흥미로운 점은 BDNF 수준은 기억력과 유의미한 관계가 없었던 반면, 타액 코르티솔 수치와 단어 회상 수 사이에는 양의 상관관계가 발견됐다는 것이다. </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">즉, 가벼운 운동으로 인한 타액 코르티솔 농도의 변화가 기억 회상에 긍정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 해석된다.</span></div></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><b style="font-size:12pt;">듀얼태스킹, 학습의 효율화</b></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">이번 연구는 학습의 동시성(simultaneous)이 중요함을 시사한다. 학습 직후 걷는 것보다, 학습 도중에 걷는 것이 기억력 향상에 더 큰 기여를 한다는 것이다.</span></div></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);line-height:1.5;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">연구진은 "아주 낮은 강도의 신체 활동(걷기)조차도 기억 부호화를 보조하여 사후 회상에 이점이 있다"며, 공부하는 동안 가벼운 운동을 병행할 것을 권장했다.</span></div></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><br /></div></div>]]></description>
<dc:creator>TokWok</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-12T17:09:24+09:00</dc:date>
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<item>
<title>[연구논문] 1개 외국어만해도 4년 반 늦게 치매에 걸린다</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk/6</link>
<description><![CDATA[<div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;margin:12px 0px 16px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;margin:12px 0px 16px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><strong class="Yjhzub" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:600;margin:0px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">제2외국어 사용이 치매 발병을 약 4.5년 늦춘다</span></strong><span style="font-size:12pt;">는 연구 결과가 발표되었습니다. </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;margin:12px 0px 16px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="font-size:12pt;">인도인 648명을 대상으로 한 이 연구에 따르면, </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;margin:12px 0px 16px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="font-size:12pt;">이중 언어 구사자는 교육 수준, 성별, 직업과 관계없이 </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;margin:12px 0px 16px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="font-size:12pt;">알츠하이머, 혈관성 치매, 전측두엽 치매의 발병 시기가 단일 언어 사용자보다 늦었습니다. </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;margin:12px 0px 16px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;margin:12px 0px 16px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="font-size:12pt;">특히 문맹자에게서도 동일한 효과가 나타나, </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;margin:12px 0px 16px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="font-size:12pt;">언어 사용이 뇌의 집행 기능과 주의력을 담당하는 영역을 발달시켜 치매를 예방하는 데 도움을 준다는 사실이 입증되었습니다.</span><span></span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;margin:12px 0px 16px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:12px 0px 16px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><b><span style="font-size:12pt;">출처 : </span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(23,28,23);font-family:AANPPMoriRegular, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;">American Academy of Neurology, </span><span style="color:rgb(2,48,2);font-family:AANPPMoriSemiBold, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12pt;">November 06, 2013</span></b></div>]]></description>
<dc:creator>TokWok</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-11T16:24:52+09:00</dc:date>
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<item>
<title>한국어와 문법 구조가 같은 언어, 다른 언어. 그리고 두뇌 자극의 강도 차이</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk/5</link>
<description><![CDATA[<div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">한국어와 문법 구조가 가장 유사한 언어는 </span><span style="font-size:12pt;"> </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="font-size:12pt;">(1) 주로 교착어이면서 </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="font-size:12pt;">(2) 주어-목적어-서술어(SOV) 어순을 가진 언어들입니다. 예: </span><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-size:12pt;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">일본어, 몽골어, 튀르키예어(터키어) 등</span><span style="font-size:12pt;"> </span></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-size:12pt;font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">1. 문법 구조가 비슷한 언어 (SOV/교착어)</span><span style="font-size:12pt;"> </span></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><ul class="KsbFXc U6u95" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">[<span style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">일본어</span>] (가장 유사):</span> 조사의 사용, 문장 끝의 서술어 위치가 거의 일치합니다.</span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">[<span style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">몽골어</span>]:</span> SOV 어순을 따르며, 격조사와 어미 변화가 매우 비슷합니다.</span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">[<span style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">튀르키예어</span>] (터키어):</span> 한국어와 유사한 조사(은/는/이/가) 및 어순 구조를 공유하여 배우기 비교적 쉽습니다.</span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">기타:</span> 카자흐어, 아제르바이잔어, 일부 멕시코 원주민어 등도 비슷한 언어적 특징을 보입니다.</span></li></ul></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">2. 문법 구조가 다른 언어 (SVO/분석어 등)</span></div></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><ul class="KsbFXc U6u95" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">[<span style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">영어</span>]:</span> 주어-동사-목적어(SVO) 어순이며, 조사가 없고 어순이 중요합니다.</span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">[<span style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">중국어</span>]:</span> SVO 어순이며, 한국어와 같은 어미 변화가 거의 없는 고립어/분석어적 특징이 강합니다.</span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);font-size:12pt;">프랑스어 등 유럽어:</span> 어순이 다르며, 명사의 성별과 성-수 일치 문법이 있습니다.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;"> </span></li></ul></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><b>3. <span style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">문법 구조가 모국어와 크게 다른 언어를 배우는 것은 </span></b></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">뇌의 인지 기능과 <span style="font-size:12pt;">신경 가소성(</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);font-family:noto, notojp, notokr, Helvetica, 'Microsoft YaHei', 'Apple SD Gothic Neo', 'Malgun Gothic', '맑은 고딕', Dotum, '돋움', sans-serif;font-size:12pt;">neuroplasticity)</span><span style="font-size:12pt;">을 높이는 데 더욱 효</span>과적입니다.</div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">기존과 다른 방식의 인지적 도전을 통해 뇌의 회로를 재구성하고, 뇌 세포 간의 연결망을 강화하기 때문입니다</div></div>]]></description>
<dc:creator>TokWok</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-10T11:05:17+09:00</dc:date>
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<title>[연구논문] 외국어 공부, 뇌의 노화를 늦춘다</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk/4</link>
<description><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:12pt;">﻿</span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">2개 국어 이상을 꾸준히 사용하는 사람은 단일 언어 사용자보다 가속 노화 위험이 절반가량 낮으며, 뇌 노화 속도를 늦추고 치매 발병을 약 4.5~5년 지연시킨다는 연구 결과들이 있습니다</span><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;">지속적으로 외국어를 학습함으로써 뇌 신경망을 강화하고 전두엽 및 해마 네트워크를 활성화하게 되고, 이로써 뇌의 탄려과 인지 건강을 향상시키는 것으로 드러났습니다.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;"> </span> </p><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">주요 연구 내용</span></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><ul class="KsbFXc U6u95" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">저속 노화 효과:</span> 아일랜드 트리니티 칼리지 연구팀이 유럽 27개국 51~90세 8만 6천여 명을 조사한 결과, 여러 언어를 사용하는 사람은 단일 언어 사용자보다 노화 속도가 평균 2.17배 느린 것으로 나타났습니다.</span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">가속 노화 위험 감소:</span> 2개 이상의 언어를 정기적으로 사용하는 경우, 단일 언어 사용자 대비 가속 노화(조기 노화) 위험이 50% 이상 낮았습니다.</span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">치매 지연 및 뇌 건강:</span> 다중 언어 구사자는 치매 발병 시기가 5년 정도 늦춰지며, 뇌 조직을 굵게 만들어 뇌 근력과 탄력을 증진합니다.</span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">연령 불문 효과:</span> 11세부터 70세까지, 연령에 상관없이 외국어 학습은 뇌의 노화를 늦추고 인지 기능을 향상시키는 데 기여합니다.</span> </li></ul></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">외국어가 노화를 늦추는 원리</span></div></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><ul class="KsbFXc U6u95" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">뇌 자극:</span> 언어 전환 과정이 뇌의 주의력, 기억력, 실행 통제 기능을 자극합니다.</span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">신경망 강화:</span> 새로운 언어 학습은 뇌의 신경망을 풍부하게 하고 뇌 근력을 증진합니다.</span> [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw6FOSf-4XY" rel="nofollow">1</a></li></ul><div><span style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(54,67,77);font-family:'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.3px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(54,67,77);font-family:'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.3px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(54,67,77);font-family:'돋움', Dotum;letter-spacing:0.3px;"><b>원문참조 하단 림크</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(54,67,77);font-family:'돋움', Dotum;letter-spacing:0.3px;"><b>Study suggests speaking more languages might keep you younger</b></span></div><div><b><span style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(54,67,77);font-family:'돋움', Dotum;letter-spacing:0.3px;">​</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(105,105,105);font-family:'돋움', Dotum;font-size:13.008px;">Trinity College Dublin</span></b></div><div><span style="letter-spacing:0.3px;color:rgb(83,86,90);font-family:'돋움', Dotum;font-size:12pt;"><b>11 November 2025</b></span></div><div><p style="line-height:1.75;letter-spacing:0.3px;color:rgb(83,86,90);margin:0px 0px 22px;font-family:'Open Sans', serif;"><small style="font-size:15px;"> </small></p></div></div>]]></description>
<dc:creator>TokWok</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-09T11:05:43+09:00</dc:date>
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<title>ISO Language Codes (639-1 and 693-2)</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk/3</link>
<description><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>﻿</b></span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="651" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:488pt;"><colgroup><col width="72" style="width:54pt;" /><col width="579" style="width:434pt;" /></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" width="72" style="height:16.5pt;width:54pt;"><p><br /></p></td><td width="579" style="width:434pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>aa</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Afar</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ab</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Abkhazian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ae</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Avestan</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>af</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Afrikaans</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ak</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Akan</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>am</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Amharic</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>an</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Aragonese</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ar</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Arabic</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>as</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Assamese</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>av</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Avaric</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ay</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Aymara</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>az</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Azerbaijani</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ba</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Bashkir</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>be</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Belarusian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>bg</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Bulgarian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>bi</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Bislama</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>bm</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Bambara</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>bn</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Bengali</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>bo</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Tibetan</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>br</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Breton</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>bs</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Bosnian</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ca</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Catalan; Valencian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ce</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Chechen</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ch</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Chamorro</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>co</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Corsican</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>cr</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Cree</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>cs</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Czech</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>cu</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Church Slavic; Old Slavonic; Church Slavonic; Old Bulgarian; Old Church
  Slavonic</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>cv</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Chuvash</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>cy</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Welsh</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>da</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Danish</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>de</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>German</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>dv</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Divehi; Dhivehi; Maldivian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>dz</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Dzongkha</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ee</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Ewe</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>el</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Modern Greek (1453-)</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>en</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>English</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>eo</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Esperanto</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>es</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Spanish; Castilian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>et</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Estonian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>eu</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Basque</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>fa</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Persian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ff</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Fulah</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>fi</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Finnish</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>fj</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Fijian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>fo</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Faroese</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>fr</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>French</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>fy</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Western Frisian</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ga</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Irish</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>gd</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>gl</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Galician</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>gn</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Guarani</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>gu</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Gujarati</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>gv</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Manx</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ha</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Hausa</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>he</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Hebrew</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>hi</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Hindi</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ho</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Hiri Motu</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>hr</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Croatian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ht</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Haitian; Haitian Creole</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>hu</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Hungarian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>hy</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Armenian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>hz</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Herero</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ia</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>id</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Indonesian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ie</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Interlingue; Occidental</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ig</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Igbo</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ii</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Sichuan Yi; Nuosu</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ik</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Inupiaq</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>io</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Ido</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>is</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Icelandic</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>it</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Italian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>iu</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Inuktitut</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ja</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Japanese</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>jv</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Javanese</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ka</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Georgian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>kg</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Kongo</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ki</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Kikuyu; Gikuyu</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>kj</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Kuanyama; Kwanyama</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>kk</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Kazakh</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>kl</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Kalaallisut; Greenlandic</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>km</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Central Khmer</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>kn</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Kannada</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ko</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Korean</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>kr</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Kanuri</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ks</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Kashmiri</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ku</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Kurdish</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>kv</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Komi</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>kw</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Cornish</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ky</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Kirghiz; Kyrgyz</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>la</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Latin</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>lb</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>lg</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Ganda</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>li</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ln</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Lingala</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>lo</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Lao</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>lt</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Lithuanian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>lu</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Luba-Katanga</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>lv</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Latvian</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>mg</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Malagasy</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>mh</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Marshallese</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>mi</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Maori</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>mk</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Macedonian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ml</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Malayalam</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>mn</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Mongolian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>mr</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Marathi</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ms</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Malay</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>mt</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Maltese</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>my</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Burmese</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>na</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Nauru</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>nb</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Norwegian Bokm책l</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>nd</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>North Ndebele</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ne</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Nepali</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ng</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Ndonga</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>nl</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Dutch; Flemish</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>nn</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Norwegian Nynorsk</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>no</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Norwegian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>nr</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>South Ndebele</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>nv</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Navajo; Navaho</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ny</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Chichewa; Chewa; Nyanja</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>oc</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Occitan (post 1500)</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>oj</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Ojibwa</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>om</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Oromo</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>or</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Oriya</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>os</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Ossetian; Ossetic</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>pa</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Panjabi; Punjabi</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>pi</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Pali</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>pl</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Polish</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ps</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Pushto; Pashto</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>pt</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Portuguese</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>qu</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Quechua</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>rm</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Romansh</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>rn</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Rundi</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ro</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ru</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Russian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>rw</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Kinyarwanda</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>sa</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Sanskrit</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>sc</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Sardinian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>sd</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Sindhi</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>se</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Northern Sami</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>sg</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Sango</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>si</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Sinhala; Sinhalese</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>sk</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Slovak</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>sl</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Slovenian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>sm</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Samoan</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>sn</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Shona</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>so</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Somali</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>sq</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Albanian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>sr</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Serbian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ss</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Swati</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>st</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Sotho, Southern</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>su</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Sundanese</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>sv</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Swedish</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>sw</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Swahili</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ta</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Tamil</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>te</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Telugu</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>tg</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Tajik</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>th</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Thai</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ti</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Tigrinya</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>tk</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Turkmen</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>tl</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Tagalog</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>tn</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Tswana</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>to</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Tonga (Tonga Islands)</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>tr</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Turkish</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ts</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Tsonga</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>tt</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Tatar</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>tw</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Twi</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ty</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Tahitian</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ug</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Uighur; Uyghur</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>uk</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Ukrainian</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ur</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Urdu</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>uz</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Uzbek</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>ve</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Venda</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>vi</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Vietnamese</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>vo</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Volap체k</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>wa</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Walloon</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>wo</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Wolof</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>xh</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Xhosa</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>yi</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Yiddish</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>yo</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td><td><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Yoruba</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>za</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Zhuang; Chuang</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>zh</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Chinese</b></span></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt;"><td height="22" style="height:16.5pt;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>zu</b></span></td><td><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>Zulu</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b><span style="font-size:12pt;">﻿</span><span style="font-size:12pt;">​</span></b></span><span style="font-size:12pt;"> </span></p>]]></description>
<dc:creator>TokWok</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-08T18:15:35+09:00</dc:date>
</item>


<item>
<title>2025 듀오링고 글로벌 인기 언어 순위</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk/2</link>
<description><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:12pt;">﻿</span><span style="font-weight:600;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;">2025 듀오링고 글로벌 인기 언어 순위</span></p><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><ol class="IaGLZe VimKh" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">영어 (English)</span>: 154개국에서 1위 유지</span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">스페인어 (Spanish)</span></span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">불어 (French)</span></span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">일본어 (Japanese)</span></span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">독일어 (German)</span></span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);color:rgb(0,0,0);"><u><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);color:rgb(0,0,0);">한국어 (Korean)</span>  </u></span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">이탈리아어 (Italian)</span></span></li></ol></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">주요 특징</span></div></div><div style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><ul class="KsbFXc U6u95" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">한국어의 급상승</span></span>: 2024년 7위에서 2025년 6위로 한 단계 상승하며 글로벌 콘텐츠 인기를 입증했습니다.</span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">언어별 선호도</span></span>: 미국 등 영어권에서는 스페인어가 강세이며, 유럽 지역에서는 영어와 프랑스어가 상위권을 차지합니다.</span></li><li class="Z1qcYe" style="margin:0px 0px 12px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="T286Pc" style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span class="Yjhzub" style="font-weight:600;margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">데이터 기반</span></span>: 전 세계 수억 명의 듀오링고 사용자들의 실제 학습 데이터를 기반으로 순위가 책정됩니다.</span></li></ul></div><div style="margin:0px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><br /></div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);">2025년 듀오링고 언어보고서 Duolingo Language Report 링크</div><div class="n6owBd awi2gc" style="margin:12px 0px 16px;border-bottom:0px rgb(10,10,10);"><span style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><a href="https://blog.duolingo.com/ko/duolingo-top-languages-2025/" rel="nofollow">https://blog.duolingo.com/ko/duolingo-top-languages-2025/</a></span></span></div></div>]]></description>
<dc:creator>TokWok</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-08T17:36:59+09:00</dc:date>
</item>


<item>
<title>외국어 학습자의 레벨 구분 방법</title>
<link>http://www.tokwok.com/lang_talk/1</link>
<description><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:12pt;">외국어 학습자의 레벨은 국제적으로 통용되는 CEFR(유럽공통언어참조기준)</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size:12pt;">
A1(입문)부터 C2(마스터)까지 6단계로 구분합니다. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;">이 기준은 읽기, 쓰기, 듣기, 말하기 능력을 종합적으로 평가하여 학습자의 능숙도를 정의합니다.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>A1 (기초, Beginner): </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;">개인 정보, 일상적 표현 등 아주 기초적인 문장을 이해하고 사용할 수 있습니다.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>
A2 (초급, Elementary): </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;">자주 사용되는 일상적인 표현(가족, 쇼핑, 직업 등)을 이해하고, 단순한 방식으로 소통할 수 있습니다.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>
B1 (중급, Intermediate): </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;">익숙한 주제에 대해 자신의 의견을 말할 수 있고, 여행 중 대부분의 상황에서 대처가 가능합니다.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>
B2 (중상급, Upper-Intermediate): </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;">복잡한 주제의 요지를 파악하고, 유창하고 자연스럽게 대화할 수 있는 수준입니다</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>
.C1 (고급, Advanced):</b> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;">길고 복잡한 글을 이해하며, 사회적, 학문적 목적에 따라 유연하게 언어를 사용할 수 있습니다.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size:12pt;"><b>
C2 (마스터, Mastery): </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12pt;">원어민 수준에 가깝게, 거의 모든 형태의 언어적 표현을 구별하고 섬세하게 표현할 수 있습니다.</span></p>]]></description>
<dc:creator>TokWok</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-05-08T13:08:55+09:00</dc:date>
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